Quality of Harvested Amaranthus (Amaranthus hybridus) Irrigated with Wastewater Treated under Combined Effect of Rapid Sand Filtration and Moringa oleifera Seed Solution
A. Y. Arku *
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria.
S. M. Musa
Department of Agricultural and Bioresource Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Treated wastewater for irrigation is becoming increasingly popular especially in regions of scarce water resources. Three wastewater samples (Domestic-W1, Abattoir -W2 and Industrial-W3) were filtered through a three-spout rapid sand filter earlier designed and constructed with three depths; d1 = 0.20 m, d2 = 0.40 m and d3 = 0.60 m. Standardized Moringa oleifera seed solution concentrations(MSSC) of 0.00 (control), 0.10, 0.20, 0.30 and 0.04g/L were prepared and used as disinfectant to the filtered wastewater. Each of the treated wastewater sample was passed to the field to irrigate Amaranthus hybridus through drip irrigation system. Field evaluation using the combined effect of rapid sand filter and Moringa oleifera seed solution for growing Amaranthus hybridus showed that 0.20, 0.30 and 0.40 g/L treated wastewaters were good for irrigation at 1.20 L/h emitter discharge and maximum operating pressure of 6.01x107 N/m2. However, the untreated (control) and 0.10 g/L Moringa oleifera seed solution-treated wastewaters were not fit for irrigating the crops based on Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recommended irrigation guidelines due to their high coliform levels of atleast 1,400 cells/100 mL. This requires continuous monitoring from time to time if it is to be used for irrigation.
Keywords: Wastewater, filtration, irrigation, Amaranthus hybridus, Moringa oleifera.
How to Cite
Downloads
References
Samer, Mohamed. Biological and chemical wastewater treatment processes. A peer-reviewed chapter. Intech Open Authors and Academic Editors; 2015.
Segneanu Adina Elena, Cristina Orbeci, Carmen Lazau, Paula Sfirloaga, Paulina Vlazan, Cornelia Bandas, Ioan Grozescu. Waste Water Treatment Methods. A peer-reviewed chapter. Intech Open Authors and Academic Editors; 2013.
Sperling, Marcos Von. Basic principles of wastewater treatment. IWA Publishers. 2007;1.
Woo YT, Lai McLain D, Manibusan JL. Dellarco MKV. Use of mechanism-based structure–activity relationships analysis in carcino-genic potential ranking for drinking water disinfection by-products. Environ. Health Perspect. 2002;110(Suppl 1):75–87.
Wright's Manual Number 39. Hydraulic loadings of gravity filters. 2010;2-14.
World Health Organization [WHO]. Health guidelines for the use of wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture. Report of a World Health Organization Scientific Group, WHO Technical Report Series 778, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 1989;74.
World Health Organization [WHO]. "Domestic Water Quantity, Service, Level and Health". Wastewater and sewage, nature and treatment framework. 2003; 1–4.
Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO]. Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture - FAO irrigation and drainage paper 47; 1994.
O’Connor JT, O’Connor TL. Removal of microorganisms by rapid sand filtration. H2O'C Engineering, Columbia, Missouri. 2001;23-35.
Droste RL. Theory and Practice of Water and Wastewater Treatment. John Wiley & Sons,New York. 1997;416-456.
AWWA, ASCE. Water treatment plant design. Third Edition. AWWA and ASCE, McGraw-Hill, Inc, New York, NY. 1998;167-180.
Arku AY. Investigation of sand filtration and moringa oleifera seed solution disinfection of wastewater for low-tech drip irrigation. PhD Thesis submitted to Postgraduate School, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU), Bauchi; 2016.
Bissrat G, Asghedom S, Mehari A. Affordable Micro-irrigation Technology (AMIT).- In: Eritrea. Pre-Feasibility Study Report. March-September 2001. Report of a consultative project between the Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, International Development Enterprises (IDE) and the College of Agriculture and Aquatic Science (CAAS), University of Asmara; 2001.
Doerr B. Moringa water treatment (An ECHO Technical Note). Educational Concerns for Hunger Organization (ECHO). Trees of Life Journal. 2005; 10(2):100-11.
Schwarz D. Water Clarification using Moringa oleifera. Gate Information Service, Eschborn, Germany. 2000;7-12.