Comparative Analysis of Escherichia coli O104:H4 and O157:H7: Bridging Knowledge Gaps and Understanding Virulence Factors in Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Africa
Christopher Ononiwu Elemuwa
*
Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, Federal University, Otuoke, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
This comparative review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the epidemiology, virulence mechanisms, transmission dynamics, and public-health implications of two major Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serotypes: the classical O157:H7 and the emerging hybrid O104:H4. While O157:H7 remains the most studied STEC globally, the emergence of O104:H4 revealed an unusual hybrid pathotype with enteroaggregative features that heavily complicate disease progression and outbreak management. By emphasizing available literature with a specific focus on Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa, this paper highlights critical knowledge gaps in genomic surveillance, diagnostic laboratory capacity, and outbreak response frameworks. Effective strategies to mitigate future STEC threats demand improved diagnostic infrastructure, integration of real-time genomic monitoring into national antimicrobial resistance (AMR) strategies, and enhanced food-safety systems.
Keywords: Escherichia coli O104:H4, Escherichia coli O157:H7, genomic surveillance, antimicrobial resistance, food safety